M.Sc. Part-I & II Prospectus No.20081211
Petrochemical Science

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sant gadge baba Amravati University

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(FACULTY OF SCIENCE)

PROSPECTUS

OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

EXAMINATION PART I & PART-II, 2008

IN

PETROCHEMICAL SCIENCE

2007

Price Rs. 8/-

PUBLISHED BY

C. D. Deshmukh

Registrar

Sant Gadge Baba

Amravati University,

Amravati 444 602

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Ó “No part of this prospectus can be reprinted or published without specific permission of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University.

SYLLABUS PRESCRIBED FOR

M.SC. PART-I AND PART-II

PETROCHEMICAL SCIENCE

M.SC. PART-I EXAMINATION

There shall be four compulsory papers in theory as stated below and practical examination extending over not less than 24 hrs.

Marks

Paper-I General Chemical Aspects of 75

Petrochemical Science.

Paper-II Analytical Techniques 75

Paper-III Thermodynamics and Kinetics of 75

Petrochemical Processes

Paper-IV Catalysts used and Mechanisms 75

There shall be two practicals of total marks of 200 in Petrochemical Science. The distribution of marks for Practical examination will be as under :

Marks

Practical - I 100

Practical - II 100

PAPER-I

General Chemical Aspects of Petrochemical Science

Unit I : Scenario of Petroleum, Gas and petrochemicals at national and International level with reference to demand organisations, installations and capacities, future prospects for development, and product pattern of various organisations.

Unit II : Origin, Classification and composition of crude oil and Petroleum gas.

Unit III : Basic chemical thermodynamics ; Physical properties of hydrocarbon fluids, phase behaviour of hydrocarbon systems; single component systems, P-V, T-V, P-T, Critical point and estimation of Vc, Tc and Pc; Two component system : Single phase, Volume - Composition, Compressibility - Composition, P-V, T-V; TwO phase, system : P-V, P-T, Composite P-T diagram, Temperature - Composition diagram, and P-Composition diagram; Introduction to multicomponent system.

Unit IV : Basic concepts of adsorption, types of adsorption, adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir and BET), rate of adsorption and its variation with temperature, different adsorbents, their characteristics and utility in related processes.

Unit V : Feed stocks for Petrochemicals, Purification of gases (water, mechanical, chemical and other impurities), Survey of different processes for treatment with reference to chemicals involved, constituents removed, operating parameters and regeneration; utility of absorption, adsorption, compression, cryogenic and other special techniques for isolation of individual gases; Separation of aromatics.

Books Recommended :

1. A T.B. of of Petrochemicals : B.K. Bhaskararao (Khanna, Delhi)

2. An Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Petroleum : Kinghorn RRF (John Wiley & Sons)

3. Weekly issues of “Chemical Weekly” : Chemtech Foundation, Mumbai.

4. Physical Chemistry :G.M. Barrow, (Mc Graw Hill)

5. Modern Petroleum Technology : G.D. Hobson (John Wiley)

6. Petroleum : V. Sokolov (Mir. Publisher, Moscow)

7. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum : J.G.Speight (Marcel Dekker)

8. Thermodynamics for Chemists : S.Glasstone (Van Nostrand & East West Press, New Delhi)

Paper-II

Analytical Techniques

Unit I : Measurements and Physical significance of ultimate analysis, surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, structural group analysis, carbon residue, aniline point, smoke point, optical properties.

Unit II : Separation Techniques :

(a) Distillation : Fractional, Vacuum, Steam and azeotropic with reference to principles and practice.

(b) Chromatographic techniques, i.e. classification, and detailed account of GC, TLC, HPLC and their applications in petrochemical industries.

Unit III : Theoretical principles, methodology and applications of extraction, absorption and membrane techniquesin. The manufacture of petrochemicals.

Unit IV : (Optical methods)

UV-Visible and IR spectroscopic methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of petrochemicals, their basic principles, methodology, instrumentation and applications, Flame photometry.

Unit V : NMR: Principles, instrumentation and applications in petrochemical analysis including ¹³C NMR. Mass spectroscopy ; Introduction, theory, methodology and applications in petrochemical analysis.

Books Recommended :

1. Chemical Engineering : J.M.Coulson and J.E. Richardson (Pergamon), Vol I and II.

2. Distillation : M.Van Winkele (Mc Graw Hill)

3. Unit operations in Chemical Engg : W.L.Mc Cobe and J.C.Smith (Mc Grow Hill)

4. Mass Transfer : RE Trebal (Mc Graw Hill)

5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis : Chatwal and Anand (Himalaya Pub.)

6. T.B. of Practical Organic Chemistry “ Vogel, A.I. Quantitive Inorganic Analysis by I.A.Vogel.

7. Practical Physical Chemistry : Findlay.

8. Instrumentatal Methods of Chemical Analysis : R.D. Brawn.

9. Quantitative Analysis : Day and Underwood

10. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis : G.W.Ewing

11. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry : S.M. Khopkar

12. Instrumental methods of Analysis : Willard, Merritt & Dean

Paper-III

Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Unit I : Quantitative phase behaviour (two phase ideal solutions) : Calculation of L-V composition, calculation of bubble point pressure, calculation of dew point pressure for two component system, multicomponent ideal system, emphasis be made on numericals.

Unit II : Non ideal solutions; Calculation of bubble and dew point pressure, HC-Characteristics with reference to gas formation volume factor, gas solubility, oil formation factor, two phase formation volume factor. (Emphasis should be given on numericals)

Unit III : Free energy change and its calculations with special reference to calculations of composition of product mixture in parallel and consecutive reactions schemes from thermodynamic data, Effect of pressure on production of ethylene from ethane and ethane oxidation, partial pressure of steam in cracking, explsive limits in Ethylene oxide manufacture, Thermodynamics of acetylene manufacture; Equilibrium composition of butane dehydrogenation as a function of temperature and pressure. Thermodynamics of steam reforming, polymerization, catalytic reforming.

Unit IV : Definition of reaction rate based on unit volume of reacting fluid; kinetics of irreversible reactions in parallal, homogeneous catalysed reactions, autocatalytic reactions, irreversible reactions in series, first order and second order reversible reactions, reactions of shifting orders and variable volume reactions.

Unit V : Reaction rate definitions of heterogeneous reactions, Difference between catalytic and non catalytic homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions; Importance of mass transfer in chemical reactions, mass transfer between packing and fluid, diffusion within catalst pariticles, catalyst effectiveness, effectiveness factors; Introduction to kinetics of fluid-solid reactions of shrinking particle and ashcoated particle types.

Books Recommended :

1. Chemical Reactor Theory : K.G.Denbigh and J.C.R.Turner (ELBS, Cambridge University)

2. Chemical Reaction Engineering : Octave Levenspiel (Wiley, New Delhi)

3. Chemical Engineering Kinetics : J.M.Smith (Mc Graw Hill)

4. An Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Petroleum : Kinghorn R.R.F. (John Wiley & Sons)

5. Thermodynamics for Chemists : S.Glasstone Van Nostrand & East West Press, New Dehli.

6. Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics : W.C.Edmister (Gulf Pub.)

7. Calculations of Chemical Equlibria : A.S.Kazanskaya and V.A.Skoblo (Mir Publishers, Moscow.)

Paper IV

Catatysis and Mechanism

Unit I : Mechanism of Kerogen Maturation, Rhodium coated with I₂catalyst for acetic acid from methanol, tert. butyl peroxide for ethyleme glycol from ethanol, free radical mechanism for halides of methane, alumina gel or synthetic clay for CS₂ from methane.

Unit II : Mechanism of thermal cracking of ethane, disproportionation of propylene, carbonium ion mechanism for chlorination of ethylene, cuprous chloride in oxychlorination of ethylene Transacat process : Copper chloride for VMC, Cu-Chloride and Pd-chloride for VAM, Ag for ethylene oxide, H₂SO₄ acid for liquid phase hydration of ethylene, Cu-Ag alloy for acetaldehyde from ethanol, thermo-oxidative pyrolysis of methane for acetylene.

Unit III : Sulphuric acid hydration of prophylene (carboniumion) Ion exchange resin cat for isopropanol from propylene, Propylene oxide by direct oxidation and chlorhydrine route, Production of glycerine (Daicel Process) using lithium phosphate catalyst, Ammoxidation of propylene (Bismuth - molybdenum catalyst, disproportionation of propylene, Oxidation of cumene to phenol, Dehydrogenation catalysts systems for butane/butene, cabalt and rhodium catalyt for hydroformylation of propylene, catalysts for butadiene production, cuprous chloride cat for chloroprene, Boric acid - permanganate cat for oxidation of wax.

Unit IV : Catalysts in steam reforming, hydrocarboxy - methalation of olefin, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Mechanism of Fisher Tropsch synthesis, Carbonium lon mechanism for ionic polymerization, Alfin catalysts, Polymerization mechanism on Ziegler - Natta catalysts, Free radical polymerization mechanism, catalyst compositions for polyethylene production, radical polymerization for PVC, Friedel-Crafts catalyst for high polymers, free radical mechanism for polystyrene (coordinated catalyst), requirements of catalyst system for ethylene butadiene copolymerization.

Unit V : Pt-Al₂O₃ catalysts and role of rhenium in catalytic reforming, SO₂-Al₂O₃ for dealkylation of toluene, Zeolite catalysts for disproportionation of toluene, Catalysts for isomerization of xylenes, Raney nickel catalyst for aniline through nitrobenzene, role of potassium carbonate in metallic oxides system for EB dehydrogenation, Mechanism of benzene alkylation on aluminium trichloride Mechanism of sulphonation of toluene, Liquid phase toluene oxidation for benzaldehyde by cobalt acetate, Mechanism in production of caprolactum by palladium, Potassium benzoate disproportionation to terephthalic acid over cadmium catalyst, oxidation catalysts for maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride, catalyst details for DMT production from p-xylene, Mechanism of coke deposition on catalysts.

Books Recommended :

1. An Introduction to Industrial Organic Chemistry : P.Wiseman (Applied Science, London)

2. Catalysis and Chemical Processes : R.Pearce and W.R. Patterson (Leonard Hill, Glasgow)

3. A Text on Petrochemicals : B.K.Bhaskararao (Khanna Publishers Delhi)

4. Chemistry of Catalytic Processes : B.C.Gates, J.R.Katzer and G.C.A.Schuit (McGraw Hill, Newyork)

5. Ethylene and its Industrial Derivatives : S.A.MIller (Benn, London)

6. Propylene and its Industrial Derivatives : S.A.MIller (Benn, London)

7. Benzene and its Industrial Derivatives : E.G.Hancock (Benn, London)

8. Toluene and Xylenes and their Industrial Derivatives ; E.G.Hancock (Benn, London)

9. Catalysis : Heterogeneous and Homogeneous, B.Delmon (Elsever)

Practical I

Duration 6 to 8 hours. Marks - 100

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Flash Point Determination

2. Pour Point

3. Smoke Point

4. Carbon Residue

5. Acidity Number

6. Viscosity

7. Viscosity Index

8. Aniline Point

9. Diesel Index Calculations

10. Sapoinfication value

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR PRACTICAL-I

1. Exercise I 40

2. Exercise II 30

3. Viva 15

4. Record 15

----------------------------

Total 100

-----------------------------

Practical II

Duration 6 to 8 hours. Marks - 100

LIST OF PRACTICALS

1. Adsorption Isotherum on charcoal.

2. Comparison of adsorption capacities of charcoal and silica gel.

3. Ion Exchange capacity of cationic resin.

4. Ion Exchange capacity of an ionic resin.

5. Use of Refractometer for binary mixture composition.

6. Calorific value.

7. Sulphur content.

8. Oil content in wax.

9. Critical temperature determination : Two component system.

10. Three component phase diagram and its plot.

11. A compulsory visit to a petrochemical complex and submission of report with reference to raw material, thermodynamics, kinetics, process, parameters, separation etc. for at least one of the products. This report is necessarily to be signed by the concerned Teacher and HOD/Principal and to be submitted to the examiners at the time of practical examination.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR PRACTICAL-II

1. Exercise 50

2. Viva 15

3. Record 15

4. Excursion 20

------------------

Total : 100

------------------

LIST OF BOOKS FOR PRACTICALS

1. Practical Physical Chemistry : Findlay.

2. A.S.T.M.Standard for Petroleum Products. Vol I and II.

3. Practical Physical Chemistry : Nadkarni and Kothari.

4. Text book of Quantitative Analysis by A.I.Vogel.

M.SC. PART - II

PETROCHEMICAL SCIENCE

There shall be four theory papers, two practicals and one dissertation for M.Sc. Part-II Examination in Petrochemical Science. The scheme of which is given below.

Marks

Paper-I Computational methods of Data Analysis 75

Paper-II Pollution and Control in Petrochemical Industries. 75

Paper-III Reactor Design Aspect related to Petrochemical 75

Manufacture

Paper-IV Manufacture of detergents, Rubbers, Polymers, 75

Plastics, Carbon black and fertilizers.

There shall be two practicals of 75 marks each and one Dissertation of 50 marks.

PAPER-I

Computational Methods for Data Analysis

Unit-I : Introduction to Computers :-

Anatomy of Computer, Components, Hardware, Software, History, Generations, Features, Uses and Applications, Limitations, Man vs Computers.

Hardware ; Input devices, Output Devices, CPU, Main Memory, Secondary Memory. Classification of computer.

Software : Types of Softwares,Programming Languages, System Software, Firm ware, Middle ware, Software Packages, Application softwares, 3 GLs & 4 GLs, Operating Systems.

Operations System :(Windows) : Introduction to MS Windows, GUI features, main modules, start menu, controls and setting, Deshtop menues.

Introduction to MS Office : features, Components, Using Excell, creating and editing worksheet, formatting , Calculation, functions, charts, menubar functions, toolbars.

Unit-II : Introduction to C :

Introduction to C, elements of C language, entering and executing C programms. Input output in C. Printing Controls.

C control structure & copping : If, IF else, Do, Do white, Switch. Label and go to statement.

C Arrays : Defining single dimentional arrays, using arrays, defining multidimentional Arrays, using multidimentional Arrays.

Other features : C file handling, functions, strings, graphic features in C.

Unit-III : Analysis of Chemical Data :

Collection of data, Graphical & diagrammatic representation of data, Errors in chemical analysis, classification of errors, nature & origine of errors, accuracy and precision, distribution of errors, Measures of central Tendency & dispersion, concept of probability & problems.

Methods of least square (fitting of straight line & second degree parabola), correlation coefficient (for bivariate), Regression line and coefficients.

Confidence limits, Testing of Hypothesis and two kind of errors. Tests for rejection of significent data. Numerical problems.

Unit IV : A. Matrics :

Notation, addition & multiplication, Elementary transformation, representation and applications to solution of linear equations. Matrix inversion. Determination of rank, Eigen value, solving eigen value problems. Geometrical meaning of eigen value and application to chemical data.

B. Functions : Algebra & elementry concept of functions. Plotting & single (straight line, parabola, hyperbola, circle, sign, cos, Exponential, Gaussion, logarithmic) function. Determinant. Solving simultaneous equtions of first degree. Arthematic & Geometric series.

Unit-V : Roots of equations : Iterative methods, method of successive bisection, Method of False position, and Newton-Raphson.

Numerical Integration : Trapezoidal rule, simpson’s 1/3 & 3/8 rules, Gaussian Quadrature, Monte Carlo Method, Numerical Problems.

Differential equation ; Eulars method, Runga Kutta Method. Predictor corrector method. Higher order differential equations. Numerical problems.

BOOKS :

1. Introduction to Computer : T.N.Shrivastava (Mac.)

2. Fundamentals of Computers : V.Rajaraman (Phi.)

3. Computer & Common sense : Hunt & Shelley (Phi.)

4. Programming in Computer - Balagurusamy (TMH)

5. Programming with Computer : Venugopal & Prasad (TMH)

6. Programming with Computer : Kaiker (Mac.)

7. Msoffice in easy steps : Compdex.

8. Msoffice : BPB Pub.

9. F.Daniels : Mathematical Preparation for Physical Chemistry.

10. G.Stephenson : Mathematical Methods for Science Students.

11. J.B.Marison : Mathematical Preparations for General Physics & R.C. Davidson.

12. A.M.Mood. et.al. : Introduction to Theory of Statistics.

PAPER-II

Pollution and Control in Petrochemical Industire

Unit-I : Fundamentals of Environment :

Definition of environment and its segments, i,e, Hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere; Hydrosphere : Classification of water - sea water, surface water and ground water; chemical composition of sea water, surface water and ground water. Important characteristics of water used for drinking, irrigation and industry. Unique properties of water, Atmosphere : its composition and structure , the role of atmosphere in sustaining the life on the earth, photochemical reactions in the atmosphere with reference to NOx, SOx and hydrocarbons. Lithosphere : Definition, structure and composition of soil. Biosphere : Definition, its interaction with hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere leading to environmental pollution. Different types of pollution, causes of pollution.

Unit-II : Air pollution due to (Oil refinery) and petrochemical Industry.

Classification of Air pollutants - primary & secondary pollutants, Types of pollutants and their sources in refineries - Hydrocarbons, SO₂, H₂S, NOx, CO, NH₃ & Aldehydes, Aromatics, particulate matters & smoke. Effects of these pollutants on human beings, plants and materials. Methods adopted by the refineries to control air pollution due to these pollutants. Monitoring techniques and methodology for the analysis of these air pollutants.

Unit-III : Water Pollution due to Petrochemical Industry & Oil refinery.

Different types of pollutants present in waste water produced in refineries and petrochemical complexes. Sources of waste water in refineries and petrochemical complex, characteristics of wastes from oil refineries and petrochemical industries; methods of characteristion, Treatment of refinery and petrochemical wastes. Different steps involved there in Physical, Chemical & Biological treatment process. Effect of water pollutants on human beings, plants and soil.

Unit-IV : a) Unpleasant Sensory Pollution.

Odour nuisance, parameters to characterise odours - detectability, intensity, quality & acceptability; sources of odours of chemicals in specific operations and corrective action, control of unpleasant sensory pollution.

b) Noise Pollution :

Definition of noise. Sources of noise pollution in refineries. Noise level units, Effect of noise pollution on human beings, plants and materials. Measures adopted by refineries and petrochemical industries to control noise pollution.

Unit-V : a) Nature of solid wastes from petrochemical Industry and refinery, Methods of their disposal, Hazardous wastes and their characteristics.

b) Environmental audits , Environmental pollution acts - i.e. Water Pollution Act, Air Pollution ACt, Environmental Protection Act and Regulations.

LIST OF BOOKS-

1. Waste water Treatment by M.N. Rao & A.K. Dutta, Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.

2. Pilot Plant Studies on Treatment of Phenolic Waste by High-rate, Deep Trickling filters by I.P.S. Rao etal. Env. Health, Vol-II, (No.1,p.23), 1969.

3. The Petroleum Handbook (5th Edn.), Shell International Petroleum Co.Ltd., 1966.

4. Biodegradability and Treatability of Caprolactum Waste by M.D.Patel & D.R.Patel Indian Journal of Env. Health, Vol. 19, No.4, P-310, 1977.

5. Industrial Waste Disposal by Koziorawski, B. and Kucharski, J., Pergamon Press.

6. Text Book of Enviromental Chemistry by A.K.De.Willey Eastern Publications.

7. Text Book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control by Dr. S.S. Dara, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.

8. Chemical Technology for Better Environment edited by T.K.Roy, Indian National Academy of Engineering, Allied Publishers Limited, First Edition 1998.

9. Petroleum and Organic Chemicals Industrials edited by D.Barnes, C.F.Forster and S.E.Hrudey, Pitman Advanced Publishing Program, Boston.

10. Shahi, K.P., Indian Petroleum Refineries- Emerging trend and challenges, Chemical Weekly Nov 14, P.163-167, 1995.

11. Proceedings of the Seminar on Petroleum Industry and Environment, Vol.I, Organised by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on March, 29-April, 1, 1977. P.309-416.

PAPER-III

Reactor Design Aspect Related to Petrochemical Manufacture

Unit-I : Concept of material and heat balance in Chemical reactor, steady state and unsteady state, equilibrium state, Types of chemical reactors, concept of ideality, space time, holding time, space velocity, Deviation from ideal behaviour, Constant volume batch reactor, variable volume batch reactor.

Unit-II : Design equations for Batch, mixed flow and plug flow reactors. Comparison of space time of a CFSTR and PFR for zero, first and second order reactions,volume comparisons of a CFSTR and a PFR for desired degree of conversion of zero, first and second order reactions.

Only qualitative aspects of Semibatch reactors, Recycle reactor, auto catalytic reactor system, and various reactor configurations.

Unit-III : Alkylation : Balancing process variables for efficient design operation, Reactor Cooling, Staged reactor, Advantages of ER&E reactor, Engineering design of UOP process.

Aromatic Production :

Equipment Consideration for UOP sulfolane process, Equipment Consideration for BP-UOP cyclar process,

Equipment Consideration for UOP isomer process,

Equipment Consideration for UOP Parex process,

Equipment Consideration for UOP Tatoray process.

Isomerization :

Reactors for UOP Butamer process and UOP process.

Separation Processes :

Catalyst Transfer systems and reactor details of Shevron’s On Stream Catalyst Replacement (OCR) Technology.

Solvent recovery from rotating disc contactor for DAO, Advantages of Sorbex technology of UOP over fixed bed adsorption, UOP Isosiv process Kerosine details,

UOP - Molex and Olex design characteristics.

Unit-IV : Catalytic Cracking:

Major process features of Exxon flexicracking e.g. feed injection, Riser and its termination, Stripper, Regenerator, Control system,

Orthoflow FCC, converter, feed injection system, riser termination, spent catalyst stripping, regeneration, catalyst cooler, flue gas heat recovery, main fractionation section.

UOP FCC Unit : Reactor design, regenerator, fractionation section, gas concentration section, Technology features of IFP FCC : Cold wall design, feed nozzle fabrication, External cyclones, FCC revamp to RFCC, Advantages of DCC.

Dehydration : Radial flow reactor for UOP-Oleflex process. An adiabatic radial flow reactor for UOP Pacol.

Unit-V : Catalytic Reforming : Movable catalyst bed system, reactor pressure and temperature, space velocity ; H2/HC molar ratio, catalyst Selectivity for UOP plat- forming.

Gasification and Hydrogen Production : ICRW fluidbed gasifier, Equipment configuration of a reformer for steam reforming,

Hydrocracking _ Reactor internals of MAK moderate pressure hydrocracker, single stage Isocracker.

Sweetering and Sulphur recovery

Use of scrubbing system (Venturi scrubbers ; high energy and jet ejector. Merox process features.

Visbreaking and Coking - Reactor aspects of flexcoking and fluid coking Delayed coking : flow plans and comparision. Heater Design of delayed coker, hydra- decoking coil vs soaking desing for visbreaking, Heater design consideration for UOP visbreaking.

Hul’s Ethers processes for oxygenates hydroprocessing : Reactive systems, fixed bed running bed, Ebullating bed, Sherry phase technology. Hydrotreatment - Design consideration to design decision, energy conservation, Hydrogen management.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED -

1. HB of Petroleum Refining Processes, edited by Robert A. Meyers, Mc Grow Hill, New York.

2. Chemical Reaction Engineering, Octave Levenspiel Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.

3. Chemical Reactor Design by Denbigh and Turner.

4. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd Ed. by Fogler Prentice Hall of India.

PAPER-IV

Manufacture of Detergents, Rubbers, Polymers and Plastics, Carbon Black and Fertilizers

Production of the following chemicals with reference to -

i) Thermodynamic and kineties aspects

ii) Various raw materials and types

iii) Differient processes and selection of the process

iv) Various process parameters and catalysts used

v) Reactor design aspects with reference to physicochemical principles of Heat transfer, Mass transfer and material of construction of reactor.

vi) Production, separation and purification

vii) Storage and utility

Unit I : Soap and detergents :

Raw materials required for soap; Manufacture of soap, batch process and continuious process; Cleaning action of soap; Classification of Soap. Classification of detergents, hydrophilic type and hyrophobic type ; structure of detergents; Anionic, Cationic, amphoteric, nonionic surfactants, sulphates and sulphonates; Finishing of detergents; Detergency, comparison of soap and detergents. Preparation of certain detergents like surf, phenol detergents, n-paraffins for petroleum detergents; Biodegradability and public concern.

Unit II : Rubbers, Elastomers and Fillers

Natural rubber position; Structure of natural rubber; natural rubber latex, Synthetic rubbers; Butadine rubber, radial polymerisation, SBR, NBR; Emulsion polymerisation Polyisoprene, CR, butyl rubber TPR, EPM, Polysulphide rubber; Polyurethanes, polyurethanes elastomers, polyester-elastomer; Polyethers-urethanes; Silicon rubber, Fluoro carbon elastomers

Unit III : Polymer, plastics and fibers

Polymer structure : Methods of polymerisation, degree of crystallinity ; Chemistry of polymerisation, cationic, anionic co-ordinations and free radical. Thermodynamic consideration; Type and composition of catalyst used; Production of certain polymer like polyethylene /LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, polypropylene,polyvinylchloride, polybutadiene, various types of copolymer, Classification of plastics, engineering plastics; Various type of resins, phenol formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, phenol furfural resins, M-F resin, epoxy resin; ABS plastics, polyurethans and other plastics,

Production technique of synthetic fibres, melt spining, solution spinning, PET, polycarbonates, polyamides, acrylic fibres, polypropylene.

Unit IV : Petroleum Coke & Carbon black

Petroleum coke, production and thoery; Methods of production, delayed coking, fluid coking, contact coking; Coking plants in India, comparison of various methods, physical properties of industrial carbons; Carbon black type, thermal black, channel black, farnace black, lamp black, Methods of productions, Wulff’s process, channel process, furnace process etc., Properties and uses of petroleum coke and carbon black.

Unit V : Fertilizers

Requisites of fertilizer, classifications of fertilizers, role of elements present in fertilizer; Manufacture of synthetic ammonia and phosphoric acid, wet process phosphoric acid, electric furnace phosphorus and phosphoric acid, kellog ammonia process. Detail study of following fertilizers

Ammonium nitrate, Ammonium sulfate, Ammonium phosphate, Urea, Calcium cyanamide, Normal superphosphates, Tripple super phosphate, Ammonium phosphates, Potassium sulphate.

Books -

1. B.K.Bhaskarrao, A TB on Petrochemicals Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

2. A.L.Waddams, Chemicals from Petroleum, Guy Publishing, Housten. (1980)

3. An Introduction to Industrial Org. Chem. Applied Sci.,London, P.Wiseman.

4. R.Long, Production of polymars and plastics intermediates from Petroleum, Plenum, New York.

5. M.Sitting, Detergent Manufacture NDC, New Jersey, 1976.

6. C.F. Longman, The analysis of Detergents and Detergent Products, John Wiley & Sons 1975.

7. J.R.Rostrup - Nielsen, Steam Reforming catalysts 1974, Hador Topsoe Copenhagen.

8. Lewis F H and S. Matar From Hydrocarbons to Petrochemicals GPC, Houston.

9. Oil and Gas Journal and Hydrocarbon Processing Journals.

10. Industrial Chemistry by M.G.Arora, M.Singh Anonol Publication Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi - 1914.

11. Chemistry in Engineering & Technology Vol.II-By J.C.Kuriacose & J Rajaram Tata - McGraw Hill Pub. Co.Ltd., New Delhi - 1988.

12. Shreves Chemical Process Industries Fifth Edition.George T Austin & McGrow Hill Book Company, New York -1998.

13. Out-line of Polymer Technology : Manufacture of polymer be Sinha.

14. Polymer Science and Technology by fried.

15. Industrial Chemistry by M.G.Arora, M.Singh Anonol Publication Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi - 1914.

16. Chemistry in Engineering & Technology Vol.II - By J.C.Kuriacose & J Rajaram Tata - McGraw Hill Pub. Co.Ltd., New Delhi - 1988.

17. Strreves Chemical Process Industries Fifth Edition. George T Austin & McGrow Hill Book Company, New York -1998.

Practical-I

Section-A

1. To establish an equilibrium isotherm for benzene and hexane on silica gel and study the break through curve.

2. Thermal cracking of hydrocarbon fraction.

a. Longitudinal temperature profile of a TFR.

b. Sulfonation for unsaturation determination.

c. Bromination for unsaturation determination.

d. Characterization of feed and liquid products e.g. API gravity. Aniline point, Refractive index, ASTM distillation etc.

e. Effect of packing on temp profile.

f. Effect of flow rate on gasification.

g. Concept of residence time.

h. Concept of effective volume of reactor.

i. Concept of MW of feed on gasification rate.

j. Effect of temperature on gasification.

k. Gas analysis, gas density (Orsat App.)

3. Kinetic -

a) First order Equation, rate constant determination.

b) Second Order Equation, rate constant determination.

c) Energy of activation determination.

Section-B

1. Extraction -

a) Packed Column, studies Study of

b) Spray Column, studies parameters like

c) Mixer Settler,studies concentration,

residence time |and size of

packing.

2. RTD in Tank flow reactor & in Tubular flow reactor.

3. Distillation of petroleum fractions by -

a) ASTM,

b) Fractional,

c) Azeotropic and

d) Steam distillation

REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL :

1. Richardson & Coulson, Chemical Engineering Vol-II.

2. Mc cabe & Smith, Unit Operations.

3. Institute of Petroleum, Vol. I & II.

4. Trebal, Mass Transfer Operation.

N.B. : i. During the examination two exercise be given one from each section.

ii. Distribution of Marks :

Exercise I 25 Marks

Exercise II 25 Marks

Record 15 Marks

Viva-Voce 10 Marks

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Total 75 Marks

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Practical-II

Experiments -

Section-A

Air Pollution :

1. Determination of SO2 in ambient Air by West-Gaeke Method (Spectrophotometric)

2. Determination of NOx in ambient Air by Jacob & Hochheiser (modified method) method.

3. Determination of H₂S in Ambient Air by Methylene Blue method (Spectrophotometric)

4. Determination of methane and non-methane hydrocarbon in the Ambient Air (Demonstration type Expt.)

5. Determination of Carbon monoxide (CO) in Ambient Air (Demonstration type Expt.)

6. Determination of Aldehyde in Ambient Air (Demonstration type Expt.)

7. Determination of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and respirable suspended particulate Matter (RSPM) in Ambient Air using High volume Sampler.

8. Determination of levels of Noise (dBA) in resedential, Industrial and sensitive areas using Noise meter.

Section-B

Water Pollution :-

9. Determination Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in Water bodies.

10. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Waste Water with special reference to Petroleum Sector Industries.

11. Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in Waste Water from Petroleum Sector Industries.

12. Determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) by TOC Analyser (Demonstration Expt.)

13. Determination of Phenolic Compounds by Spectrophotometric methods.

14. Determination of Oil & Grease by Partion Gravimetric Method.

15. Determination of Hydrocarbon by Fluorescence spectrophotometry.

16. Determination of sulphide in water by Iodimetry.

17. Determination of cyanide in water by ISE/Titrimetry using Rhodanine indicator.

18. Determination of Heavy metals, i.e. Pb,Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni in water/waste water by AAS/Spectrophotometry.

19. Preparation of Soil saturation Extract and Determination of Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity.

20. Determination of Particle size and Bulk Density of Soil.

21. Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil.

LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PRACTICAL.

1. A course Manual of Air Quality Monitoring published by NEERI, 1985.

2. Manual on Water and Waste Water Analysis published by NEERI, 1988.

3. Manual on Receiving Land Quality Evaluation.

4. Soil Analysis by M.L.Jackson.

5. Chemical Properties of Soil by Bayer.

6. Chemistry for Environmental Engineers by Sawyer and Macurty

7. Water and Waste Water Analysis by D.S. Ramteke, C.A.Moghe, R.Sarin publisher, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi (Under Publication)

N.B. : i. During the examination two exercise be given one from each section.

ii. Distribution of Marks :

Exercise I 25 Marks

Exercise II 25 Marks

Record 15 Marks

Viva-Voce 10 Marks

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Total : 75 Marks

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Dissertation : On any topic pertaining to syllaus : 50 Marks

Excursion/Ture : Compulsory Visit to Industry such as refinery, a petrochemical complex, etc.

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